“抵押”和“質(zhì)押”屬于我國(guó)《擔(dān)保法》中的擔(dān)保方式,《擔(dān)保法》規(guī)定的擔(dān)保方式有五種,包括:抵押、質(zhì)押、保證、留置和定金。
“抵押”是債務(wù)人不轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)抵押財(cái)產(chǎn)的占有,將該財(cái)產(chǎn)作為債權(quán)的擔(dān)保。對(duì)抵押提供財(cái)產(chǎn)擔(dān)保的債務(wù)人稱抵押人,債權(quán)人又被稱為抵押權(quán)人,提供擔(dān)保的財(cái)產(chǎn)稱抵押物。“質(zhì)押”分為動(dòng)產(chǎn)質(zhì)押和權(quán)利質(zhì)押,動(dòng)產(chǎn)質(zhì)押是債務(wù)人或者第三人將其動(dòng)產(chǎn)移交債權(quán)人占有,將其動(dòng)產(chǎn)作為債權(quán)的擔(dān)保,稱借款人或第三人為出質(zhì)人,債權(quán)人為質(zhì)押人,移交的動(dòng)產(chǎn)為質(zhì)物。
《擔(dān)保法》中兩詞的區(qū)別是,“抵押”不轉(zhuǎn)移對(duì)抵押物的占管形態(tài),仍由抵押人負(fù)責(zé)抵押物的保管:“質(zhì)押”改變了質(zhì)押物的占管形態(tài),由質(zhì)權(quán)人負(fù)責(zé)對(duì)質(zhì)押物進(jìn)行保管。債權(quán)人對(duì)抵押物不具有直接處置權(quán),需要與抵押人協(xié)商或通過(guò)起訴由法院判決后完成抵押物的處置:質(zhì)權(quán)人對(duì)質(zhì)押物的處置不需要經(jīng)過(guò)協(xié)商或法院判決,超過(guò)合同規(guī)定的時(shí)間就可以處置。質(zhì)押貸款與抵押貸款,道理是一樣的。
在中國(guó)法律法規(guī)漢英平行語(yǔ)料庫(kù)(大陸)的“檢索詞”一欄中輸入“抵押”,結(jié)果一共出現(xiàn)125例,翻譯為mortgage的有120例,翻譯為pledge的有5例。輸入“質(zhì)押”,結(jié)果出現(xiàn)29例,翻譯為pledge的為25例,翻譯為mortgage的為4例。
在《布萊克法律詞典》中查到這兩個(gè)詞的定義,詞典給出mortgage 和 pledge 區(qū)別解釋:the chief distinction between a mortgage and a pledge is that by a mortgage the general is transferred to the mortgagee,subject to be revested by performance of the condition; while by a pledge the pledgor retains the general title in himself, and parts with the possession for a special purpose. By a mortgage the title is transferred; by a pledge, the possession. 可見(jiàn)mortgage和pledge 兩詞分別對(duì)應(yīng)“抵押”和“質(zhì)押”,是不能混用的。在現(xiàn)存的翻譯中,“抵押”大部分翻譯成了mortgage,“質(zhì)押”大部分翻譯成了pledge. 所以,為了避免近義詞語(yǔ)義造成混淆,筆者建議“抵押”翻譯為mortgage,“質(zhì)押"翻譯為pledge.